Prevention practices free essay sample

The United States Centers for Disease Control gauges that every year one out of twenty emergency clinic patients will get a Healthcare Associated Infection (HAI). At the point when further inspected, the quantity of contaminated patients is roughly 1. 7 million every year bringing about almost 99,000 passings (CDC, 2011). Because of numbers this way, human services associations, proficient affiliations, and patient backing bunches have all propelled activities demonstrating an all inclusive reaction to this national social insurance need. Boss among these activities was the joint effort between The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and the Disease Society of America. The SHEA-IDSA joint distribution on HAI avoidance fabricates an expert establishment for medicinal services offices in the Unites States to relieve the danger of HAI tainted patients. The counteraction systems start by recognizing the most well-known HAIs, their causes, and specifying the both the human and monetary expenses related with HAIs. Utilizing this data, SHEA and ISDA made avoidance systems to battle each HAI. This paper will follow the SHEA-IDSA format by specifying data on the most widely recognized Healthcare Associated Infection and give itemizing anticipation procedures. As per the United States Centers for Disease Control and the SHEA-IDSA report, the most widely recognized Healthcare Associated Infection are Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infections or CLABSI. With about half of all ICU patients requiring a focal line, the measure of recorded CLABSI diseases is amazingly high. The exploration on CLABSI demonstrates the most widely recognized pathogens are Staphylococcus Aureus, Enterococci, and Candida. To all the more likely comprehend the idea of CLABSI occurrence and in this way utilize avoidance methodologies one must comprehend the dynamic of a focal line. The National Healthcare Safety Network characterizes a focal line as â€Å"a catheter whose tip ended in an extraordinary vessel† (IHI, 2011). The catheter on a focal line punctures the skin, which of course makes bacterial and parasitic contaminations conceivable. When the disease has entered the body it can spread to the circulatory system. The disease would then be able to cause hemodynamic changes potentially causing demise of a patient. Confirmation of a contamination is found in the recuperation of a pathogen from a blood culture from a patient who had a focal line. For explanatory purposes, a pathogen not usually present on the skin should just be found in one culture while a pathogen generally found on the skin must be recognized in at least two societies. So as to be affirmed as a focal line disease, the focal line more likely than not been introduced at least two days preceding the improvement of the contamination and there must be no other evident wellspring of the disease. As to cost of Healthcare Associated Infections; both are markers of the hugeness of the issue. As referenced before the 2010 CDC report named â€Å"Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections† expressed 1. 7 million cases happen every year in the United States. As indicated by a similar report 99,000 cases bring about death. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement assesses that of these 99,000 passings, up to 4,000 are an immediate consequence of circulatory system contaminations. The human expense dwarves the money related costs, which alone cripplingly affect the social insurance industry. Thinking about the Institute for Healthcare Improvement report, each CLABSI occurrence drags out hospitalization on normal of seven days. Every disease costs somewhere in the range of $3,700 and $29,000. Having set up the basic CLABSI occurrences, distinguishing the danger of disease, and looking at the cost, the time has come to move into avoidance systems. The Institute for Healthcare improvement set up the business standard for focal line disease procedures in what are known as Care Bundles. â€Å"The IHI â€Å"Central Line Bundle is a gathering of proof based mediations for patients with intravascular focal catheters that, when actualized together, bring about preferable results over when executed independently. The five segments of the group are legitimate hand cleanliness, most extreme boundary safety measures, chlorhexidine skin antisepsis, ideal catheter site choice, and day by day audit of line need. The most essential advance in CLABSI anticipation is hand washing. (IHI, 4/23/2011) The IHI rules determine that medicinal services experts need to wash hands when catheter care, when dressings are changed, and the focal lines are gotten to. Moreover patients ought to be shown when and how to appropriately wash hands. This instruction reaches out to relatives ofâ the patients. Alongside fundamental cleanliness, patients ought to likewise be instructed to abstain from taking care of or controlling focal lines. Accentuation on sterility and cleanliness are fortified in the second IHI rule known as Maximum Barrier Precautions. The clinical stuff is required to wear tops, covers, sterile outfits, and sterile glove when focal lines are embedded. The patient should likewise be secured head to toe with a sterile wrap aside from a little opening at the catheter addition site. (IHI, 4/30/2011) The third IHI precautionary measure is Chlorohexidine. Studies demonstrate utilizing Chlorohexidine for skin planning preceding focal line inclusion or while changing dressings is more viable than different arrangements, for example, povidone-iodine or liquor. To appropriately purge the treatment region, Chlorohexidine must be applied for in any event 30 seconds and the arrangement must dry totally before embeddings a focal line. The utilization of cleaning agents like Chlorohexidine isn't held only for patients. Studies have indicated that covering or impregnating catheters with germicides have decreased the danger of contaminations. The general advantages anyway are faulty while analyzing the training from a money saving advantage point of view. This is because of measurably unimportant contrasts in the pace of diseases when utilizing impregnated or non-impregnated catheters. (Lai, N. et al, 2013) The following insurances refered to in the IHI pack are ideal catheter site determination and day by day focal line survey (IHI, 4/30/11-B). One key segment of site determination is found in leading a hazard/advantage investigation. The rewarding doctor is prepared to do such an investigation. When all is said in done the IHI rules propose maintaining a strategic distance from the femoral corridor for focal lines. While rewarding grown-up patients, they likewise propose an inclination to the subclavian site over a jugular site when utilizing non-burrowed focal lines. A day by day audit of a patient’s focal line is likewise important. The danger of contamination builds the more drawn out a catheter is set up thusly an every day check must be directed to guarantee the line is as yet required. An every day audit will likewise encourage the expulsion of un-required lines. Note that booking catheter evacuations or substitution at planned stretches, at regular intervals for instance, has not brought down the danger of contamination. The key component missing in planned expulsions is the day by day, in-person audit. Usage and consistence of IHI Bundle Precautions is multi-faceted requiring proceeding with training and reconsidered staffing rehearses (NGC, 2013). Human services experts must be prepared in appropriate strategies for keeping away from focal line contaminations. Techniques incorporate catheter addition and upkeep. To guarantee the rules are followed and the training is compelling, every social insurance site ought to order a consistence panel and engage the advisory group to direct occasional audits of focal line techniques. Among the numerous precautionary measures refered to over the council ought to make a focal line agenda and make the agenda accessible to all staff individuals. Moreover the panel can make a culture of focal line wellbeing by guaranteeing cleaning specialists are unmistakably positioned at all hand-washing stations, each flexibly diagram loaded with chlorhexidine units and other sterile things like covers and gloves. Physical consistence checks would likewise be in the domain of the board and can be found through coordinating day by day focal line checks with multidisciplinary adjusts and requiring focal line records demonstrating the date and time of the line situation. The consistence board of trustees will likewise be accused of assessing the facility’s staffing techniques. This is vital on the grounds that reviews show the danger of patient focal line contamination increments when there is a raised patient to nurture proportion. The investigations have additionally shown that the utilization of â€Å"pool nurses† in ICU settings adds to expanded danger of contamination. Where IHI rules were acquainted and followed with, the quantity of CLABSI episodes significantly diminished. For instance, from 2001 to 2009 there was a 58% decrease which spared almost $1. 8 billion in overabundance human services costs. This speaks to almost 6,000 lives spared through appropriate conventions. When taking a gander at two years in this range, 2008 and 2009, the decreases are noteworthy. For instance, in 2008 there were around 37,000 instances of focal line contaminations in patients accepting outpatient hemodialysis. In 2009 there were 23,000 cases among patients getting inpatient treatment. While the quantity of cases in these territories is still high, the insights uncover they are declining (CDC, 2011). The creators of this paper had the chance to finish their clinical hours at two distinct offices; Banner Health Network and Dignity Network. The creators found that the two offices set an objective of totally killing CLABSI and made a culture to encourage this objective. Aside structure the general improvement in persistent consideration such an objective will be monetarily valuable for the offices. This is in huge part because of changes in financing decides that state human services offices will never again be repaid for CVC related circulatory system diseases since they are viewed as to a great extent preventable. The two offices visited by the creators carefully hold fast to the IHI focal line pack idea. Every one of them additionally included

International Trade and Globalization

Question: Talk about the International Trade and Globalization. Answer: Presentation The accompanying investigation covers talks about on worldwide exchange and globalization by joining a few factors that gives monetary advantage, natural and social advantage. Universal exchange alludes to the trading of items or administrations between the business associations of various nations over the globe that speaks to impressive offer in the factor of Gross Domestic Product. Worldwide exchanging between the nations and business associations gives accentuation on a few factors just as it furnishes worldwide customers with a few open doors as far as market presentation identified with different divisions (Antras and Foley 2015). Considering the worldwide market of Starbucks, around 66% of stores are claimed under joint endeavor organization which revealed increment in deals by around $990 million.In request to increment to grow the market, Starbucks considered procurement of 60.5% portions of the unit in Japan that came about the organization in turning out to be second-bigges t retailer The current examination features the conversation on a few advantages of worldwide exchange that improves worldwide exchanging, progression of advances, points of interest as far as economies of scale and degree. For example, opening up the stores by Starbucks outside United States made development of business and increment in productivity by around $89 million (Starbucks Coffee Company 2017). The investigation covers the conversation on business open doors as the nations includes in expanding send out exchanging which in the end requires increment underway of merchandise and administration and accordingly will require expanded number of HR. Conversation Exchange alludes to the idea of economy that includes purchasing and selling of items and administrations against the remuneration or cost in return paid to the vender by the particular purchasers. Globalization demonstrates the method by which the business association improves the business impact at a worldwide level considering the trade of creation elements, thoughts and social perspectives. Every nation is included different degree of exchanging items and administrations agreement with the accessible assets and ecological factors yet increment of interest in the economy makes it lacking to fulfill the necessities and prerequisites (Disdier,Fontagn and Cadot 2015). In like manner, practically all the nations include in worldwide exchanging to trade merchandise and enterprises so as to procure the items it needs while sell the items that it has in overflow (Burnett and Murphy 2014). Thinking about the present information, it has been seen that complete import in Malaysia added up t o around US$176,174 million while send out around US$200,211 million that brought about development of GDP to around 70.90%. In the ongoing years, it has been seen that the lopsided dispersion of assets, negative atmosphere conditions, lopsided development rate and mechanical components brought about increment of worldwide exchanging (Jaffee2014). Boddewyn (2015) expressed that worldwide exchange thinks about the monetary components of interest and supplyfor fare and import business thinking about the residential necessities and accessibility of the items. During the year 2014, worldwide exchange United States was embraced by over 51% of with send out estimation of around US$18.0 trillion in stock items. Thus, send out an incentive from business administrations added up to roughly US$4.87 trillion during the year 2014 which was accounted by over 34% of merchants from creating economies (Boddewyn 2015). For example, exchange of espresso items in Starbucks global organization has been a biggest organization for espresso. Flexibly and request factors for espresso items has influenced its exchange at universal level as the creation of espresso is in excess of 50 districts subsequently, the creation surpass the degree of interest that impact the value structure in the abroad area too in residential locale (Starbucks Coffee Company 2017). Figure 1: Statistical examination of Starbucks (Source: Starbucks Coffee Company 2017) In any case, Baier, Bergstrand and Feng (2014) contended that universal exchanging adversely influences the household showcase since import-trade business catches the piece of the overall industry for the residential items and inevitably increment the costs, which influence the buyers benefits. Despite what might be expected, Jorgenson and Rice (2015) gives that worldwide exchange diminish the syndication business structure that dispenses with merchants capacity to build items value which is ominous for the economy and society. For example, United States and Brazil produce sugar that has request and flexibly in the household showcase. It has been seen that Brazil has the benefit of ease considering the balance level while United States has greater expense at the balance level (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). In like manner, the hole among request and gracefully of sugar levels between the nations would be adjusted by delivering and providing the item giving generally speaking increases from global exchange (Epstein and Buhovac2014). In addition, worldwide exchange additionally considers the components of PESTEL examination that is identified with the outer condition as far as global markets. As per Ercin and Hoekstra (2014), PESTEL investigation is fundamental for worldwide exchanging as it influences the import and fare business between various nations. Considering the business structure of Starbucks, it tends to be said that obtaining the crude materials espresso to a great extent relies upon the political factor just as financial elements that is pace of trade and expense level impact the companys creation in various locales. Figure 2: PESTEL Analysis (Source: Marchi, Maria and Micelli2013) PESTEL Analysis Political Political factor of a nation is unique in relation to the next nation, which impacts the flexibly level of items along with the value structure and use of assets. In the event of Starbucks, expanded political guidelines in creating nations other than US influenced the acquisition of crude materials to deliver espresso. (Starbucks Coffee Company 2017) Monetary Monetary factor identifies with the components on development of economy of two unique nations, effect of loan fees, paces of trade just as swelling rate that contrasts in every nation. (Marchi, Maria and Micelli2013) For example, swelling rate in Australia has been 4% while in Malaysia the pace of expansion has been 3% though financing cost of Australia has been 1.5% and that of Malaysia 3%, which speaks to that the Malaysian nation is acknowledging nation. Social Social elements identified with the development of populace, inclinations and work openings that has direct effect on the outside business sectors. Starbucks strikingly thought about the preferences and inclinations of purchasers, which helps in improving the brand worth and item quality just as increment in deals roughly by $990 million. (Starbucks Coffee Company 2017) Mechanical Universal exchange is influenced with the mechanical factor, which varies between the nations (Yarbrough and Yarbrough 2014) Further, innovative factor additionally improved worldwide exchanging because of changes in framework and gadgets that helps the business associations in exchanging from anyplace at wherever for instance, through web innovation. Natural Ecological factor is huge component for universal exchange that fuses assessment of asset shortage, contamination and atmosphere factors and other administration factors that impacts the interest and gracefully of the items inside the nation. (Marchi, Maria and Micelli 2013). For example, oil creation in Middle East district is most noteworthy that produces around 27.9 million oil barrels, trades oil to various nations with levels of popularity and low flexibly of oil because of atmosphere factors and factors of asset shortage. (Yarbrough and Yarbrough 2014) Legitimate Legitimate factor furnishes sway on the worldwide business as for the business openings, wellbeing measures for assembling process, principles for exposure or promoting and rights and commitments of customers (Laursen2015). Notwithstanding, the potential dangers for Starbucks incorporate buyer mindfulness, swelling rates and increment in the cash trade that influences the attractiveness of the organization over the outskirt. As the components of large scale monetary impact exchanging across global limits in various parts, execution of fare import business brings about solid rivalry among the associations and enterprises (Yarbrough and Yarbrough 2014). As indicated by J. Temporary worker (2013), exchange intensity among the business associations over the global limits has expanded throughout the years for creating higher wages, better openings for work and better accessibility of items at reasonable cost. Despite what might be expected, Disdier, Fontagn and Cadot (2015) contended that universal business or exchange influenced the local market antagonistically and disheartened seriousness among the nearby business just as business elements having low capital streams or low ventures. On the off chance that remote exchange or worldwide exchange, passage of business in the creating nations makes openings for work, for example, opening of new law office situated in United States in the new markets of China mak es business open doors for the neighborhood individuals of China in an alternate segment. Such open door disposes of the activation of people to different nations looking for occupation or business that expands typical cost for basic items, social contrasts and other troublesome contrasts (Xiaojun, Lingsha and Yanhua2014). Lee, Biglaiser and Staats (2014) expressed that global exchange under the immediate fare method of passage helps the associations just as nations in promoting the economies of scale in

How a Toxic Work Environment Affects Mental Health

How a Toxic Work Environment Affects Mental Health Stress Management Job Stress Print How a Toxic Work Environment Affects Your Mental Health By Allison Abrams, LCSW-R facebook twitter linkedin Allison Abrams, LCSW-R, is a licensed psychotherapist, mental health advocate, and author covering relationships, mindfulness, and self-care. Learn about our editorial policy Allison Abrams, LCSW-R Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on November 10, 2019 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD Updated on January 17, 2020 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Antonio Guillem /Getty Images Not only is incivility in the workplace on the rise, but according to a recent study, it is compromising one of our most critical assetsâ€"our mental health.?? The authors of the study, published in the Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, looked at the correlation between toxicity in the workplace and symptoms of insomnia, a common symptom of clinical depression.?? They wanted to know how, or via which mechanism, incivility in the workplace negatively affected employees sleep quality, as there has been limited research into this factor. What Is Workplace Incivility? Workplace civility, as described by McKinsey and Company, is “the accumulation of thoughtless actions that leave employees feeling disrespectedâ€"intentionally ignored, undermined by colleagues, or publicly belittled by an insensitive manager.”?? It has also been defined as “low-intensity deviant behavior with ambiguous intent to harm the target, in violation of workplace norms for mutual respect. Why Quality of Sleep Matters Sleep  is a critical factor in our overall well-being, including our work performance. It has long been established that poor quality of sleep has significant implications for both our physical and psychological well-being. For example, insufficient sleep increases a persons risk of developing serious medical conditions, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.?? Additionally, lack of sleep over time has been  associated with a shortened lifespan.?? Effects of Negative Rumination In examining the indirect effects of workplace incivility on symptoms of insomnia and thus overall health, the determining mechanism was found to be negative rumination, or the mentally replaying of an event or disturbing interaction with a co-worker long after the workday has ended. Workplace toxicity leads to adverse effects in  part  by stimulating people to ruminate on their negative  work experiences. according to the authors. Negative rumination  represents an active cognitive preoccupation with work events, either in an attempt to solve work problems or anticipate future work problems.?? Given that most of us spend the better part of our days and our energy at work, increasing hostility in the workplace doesn’t bode well for our emotional or physical well-being. Research over the past 20 years has  associated toxic work environments with increased depression, substance use, and health issues among employees.?? Further research has shown that organizations are suffering as well. Some of these adverse effects include  decreased productivity, lower levels of employee commitment and increased turnover.?? Coping Techniques to Reduce Effects of Workplace Incivility The good news is that sufficient recovery or coping techniques may be able to mitigate the negative effects of a toxic work environment on employee well-being.  In particular, relaxation and psychological detachment. The ability to psychologically detach from work during non-work hours and relaxation were shown to be the two mitigating factors that determined how workers were affected or not by a negative work environment. Employees who were better able to detach psychologically are able to relax after work and sleep better even in the face of workplace incivility.?? Below are descriptions of these recovery experiences and how they were shown to reduce the negative effects and enable  employees to thrive in the most toxic of work environments. Psychological Detachment Psychological detachment represents an avoidance of work-related thoughts, actions or emotions. Some of the items used in the study to measure employees levels of psychological detachment in the evenings including the following: “I didn’t think about work at all” and “I distanced myself from my work.” Those who were able to detach themselves mentally from this cycle  do not suffer as much sleep disruption as those who are less capable of detachment.?? Detachment can be fostered through a variety of specific activities, including exercise. Planning future events such as vacations or weekend outings with family or friends are examples of positive distractions outside of work. Relaxation It should come as no surprise that prioritizing work-life balance was shown to be another effective buffer against the detrimental effects of workplace incivility. Relaxation has long been associated with fewer health complaints and less exhaustion and need for recovery. As hypothesized by the authors of the study, relaxation during non-work time served  as an important moderator of the relationship between negative work rumination and insomnia symptoms. Additionally, it has been identified as a moderator between work characteristics and occupational well-being, between time demands and exhaustion, and between job insecurity and the need for recovery from work.?? Relaxation provides an opportunity for individuals to halt work-related demands, which is critical for restoring individuals to their pre-stressor state. Some activities outside of the office that can foster recovery include  volunteering, meditation, taking a walk, listening to music, and spending time with friends and other positive social supports. How Organizations Can Address Workplace Incivility   Based on the results of the study, the authors suggest the following interventions that companies can address to reduce workplace incivility.?? Raise awarenessEnsure protection for employeesEnsure accountabilityTrain and model appropriate behaviorTrain supervisors on aggression-prevention behaviors  Improve emotional resilience skillsOffer  training on recovery from work,  mindfulness practices, emotional/social intelligence skills A Word From Verywell You may not be able to control certain events during work hours or the characteristics of your  workplace environment. However,  what you do have control over is how you choose to cope. Most importantly, finding time to relax, spending time with friends and family, and engaging in activities that will shift your focus away from work during non-work hours. If you find that you are still experiencing distressful symptoms and that they are interfering with your functioning, it may be a good idea to speak to a therapist who can help you learn additional strategies for coping. If despite having done all you can still nothing has changed, it might be time to consider the possibility of removing yourself from the toxic environment and looking for a new, more fulfilling and less distressful job. Your health may depend on it. What Are Your Rights When Youre Depressed?

Virtue Ethics A Theory Of Morality - 1448 Words

Virtue Ethics is a theory of morality. It only takes into account the individuals themselves when distinguishing morality. As defined in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Virtue Ethics is the theory that â€Å"emphasizes the virtues, or moral character, in contrast to the approach which emphasizes duties or rules (deontology) or that which emphasizes the consequences of actions (consequentialism).† It is because of it’s seemingly â€Å"rule less† structure that the theory has shown appeal. Virtue ethics places the emphasis on the type of person performing the action as oppose to action itself. This leaves room for the importance of character and a greater emphasis on the intentions of the person rather than the consequences or rules as above stated. This also means that people can learn to improve their moral life by becoming more virtuous. Those in oppose to Virtue Ethics argue that the rules of deontology and consequentialism provide the rigid action gui dance lacking in v-ethics and because of this, what is â€Å"right† or â€Å"good† is’ obliviously’ more clearly defined. Without clarity in what is right/good, how can we know what is more virtuous of a decision? In this paper is will refute the objections to virtue ethics stating that virtue ethics, (1.) Does not specify what the â€Å"right action† is and (2.) Does not provide action guidance. Firstly, a definition of â€Å"right† and is needed to understand the basis of which we will be discussing virtue ethics. According to RosalindShow MoreRelatedMoral Reasoning And Ethical Decision Making1144 Words   |  5 PagesThere are various theories used to explain moral reasoning and ethical decision making. These theories are used to assist people in deciding between the right and wrong acts. One of these theories is the virtue ethics, which is used to determine whether an act is virtuous or vicious. David Hume and Aristotle were among the first philosophers to use virtue ethics to differentiate between virtues and vices. According to Hume, an act is virtuous if it represents what a virtuous person would characteristicallyRead MoreThe Similarities and Differences Between Different Ethical Theories651 Words   |  3 PagesDifferences in Ethics: The main aim of any ethical theory is to do what is right and good since it involves moral rules or acting based on specific ethical values. In certain cases, the right and good as well as the ethical rules and values are sometimes common to various ethical theories. Even though ethical theories have different reasons for application, there is an overlap in these theories that result in similar conduct in an ethical situation. There are various ethical theories with differencesRead MoreAristotles Philosophy on Purpose Essay884 Words   |  4 Pagesimpressive. His greatest known works are the Athenian Constitution and Nicomachean Ethics. Aristotle’s works of Ethics explore a vast area of topics. He states, â€Å"The goal of the Ethics is to determine how best to achieve happiness.† In order to achieve happiness, one must live a virtuous life, in the mind of Aristotle. Interest is sparked in this area that Aristotle writes of because there is a natural need for Ethics in human life. John K. Roth states, â€Å"Aristotle assumes that all things, human beingsRead MoreSimilarities and Differences in Virtue Theory, Utilitarianism, and Deontological Ethics Eth/316954 Words   |  4 PagesSimilarities and Differences in Virtue Theory, Utilitarianism, and Deontological Ethics When talking about ethics it is hard to distinguish between ethics and morality. It is also hard to distinguish exactly what realm of ethics contributes to my everyday decisions. Ethics can be defined as â€Å"well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues [and] ethics refers to the study and developmentRead MoreTheories of Ethics683 Words   |  3 Pages Theories of Ethics Virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics are categories of virtue ethics. As they are all a part of virtue ethics, they are all schools of thought concerning how people should be and which virtues people must accrue such that they lead good lives. Many of these terms are relative to aspects such as culture and time. The three theories are all related, yet distinctive as theories or schools of thought regarding ethics and behavior. Those who subscribe toRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of morality is the rules for right action and prohibitions against wrong acts. Sometimes morality is the single set of absolute rules and prohibitions that are valid for all men at all times and all societies. More loosely, a morality can be any set of ultimate principles, and there may be any number of moralities in different societies. Examples would be don’t cheat, don’t steal, and treat others as you would want to be treated. When dealing with the philosophers take on morality, there areRead MoreEthic Essay651 Words   |  3 Pages1 Virtue Theory, Utilitarianism, and Deontological Ethics. Judith Glowinski ETH/316 - 4/16/2013 MARY CARTER 2 When comparing the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontology we find that they all deal with how one judge’s morality and ethics. These theories all include judging in different aspects, whether it is in the moment, what happens after, or over a lifetime. The ethics and morality behind these theories all deal with what is rightRead MoreComparison Between 1984 And Fahrenheit 4511404 Words   |  6 Pages‘villain’. With reference to these characters and evaluation of their morality in relation to three key branches of normative ethical theory – namely deontological ethics, virtue ethics and care ethics– this essay will explore this statement, in addition to the flaws inherent within moral absolutism and the subsequent need for a degree of moral ambiguity in fiction. Deontology is an ethical theory which assesses the morality of an act, and by extension the individual committing the act, based onRead MoreTo What Extent Do Modern Versions of Virtue Ethics Address the Weaknesses of Aristotle’s Teachings on Virtue?1047 Words   |  5 Pagesversions of Virtue Ethics address the weaknesses of Aristotle’s teachings on virtue? Aristotle’s idea of Virtue Ethics was influenced by his belief that all things and all humans have a purpose (a telos). For him a complete explanation of something has to include its final cause or purpose which essentially is to realise its potential. Virtue Ethics itself is concerned with the characteristics of a person rather than how a person behaves and it is this he outlined in his book Nicomachean Ethics. A ‘’virtue’’Read MoreThe Theory Of Ethics And Ethics1246 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent theories of ethics by many different philosophers. We have examined these theories by looking at different examples of how someone who believes in a specific theory would respond to the situation. I have come to the conclusion after closely examining each theory of ethics that virtue ethics presented by Rosalind Hursthouse is closest to correct. Even though virtue ethics has a few flaws that I believe need to be revised, this theory is closest to what I b elieve is correct. This theory is well

Why We Should Not Sleep - 1657 Words

Why We Should Not Sleep in? Why some of us sleep in? The very reason why some are over sleeping, it is because of sleep deprivation and because of that, they are so sleepy and they think that sleep in will retrieve the incomplete time of sleeps to recover. Over sleep in the morning or sleep in is mainly cause by series of sleepless nights, not enough, and not getting the real quality of sleep. Sleep deprivation affects our immune system like stress. The immune system is altered in similar ways by lack of sleep and physical stress, resulting to a possible connection to chronic diseases like obesity and diabetes The reason why we should not sleep in later in the morning because this practice often decreasing and emptying the bucket of our hearth, as time goes by and that makes us feel unhealthy and unproductive and it somehow stops us to do less of our daily living tasks and our life duties, which are the things that always give us the good feeling of a successful completion of not only our living tasks to do, bu t life accomplishment duties to be done per se. Making up for inadequate sleeps by way of sleep in will result to a very serious health problem. So, it is best to change the habit of sleeping and it is still the best to do it at night because it’s the most perfect time to attain the quality and adequate sleep to make feel better to gain the essential benefit for the healthy heart, weight, mind and more. Rising early is a respond warmly to fill our buckets of ourShow MoreRelatedWhy Do We Need Sleep?1713 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Do We Need Sleep? Typed By: Miracle Taylor Regulating sleep is something our bodies do that is as natural as eating, drinking, and breathing. This implies that sleeping serves a similar role in our health and well being. Even though it is difficult to answer the question â€Å"Why do we need sleep?† scientists have developed several theories that may explain why we spend a third of our lives sleeping. Comprehending these theories can help expand our appreciation of the functionRead MoreSleep Deprivation : Symptoms And Can Lower Your Body s Natural Defense System Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pageswhen they felt a little sleep deprived; there was a time in their life when they felt more tired than usual. It was either just a busy work week, or one night accidentally stayed up a few hours longer, but college students bring a new meaning to sleep deprivation. 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There are various kind of sleep disorder such as insomnia, Sleep apnea or Narcolepsy, which are enemies of good night sleep. In this report, I would like to cover the importance of good, proper sleep to overcome various sleep disorders and why sleeping in the dark is crucial for human. In addition, the reason why I put this sub topic, why we should sleepRead MoreWhy Do We Sleep? Essay618 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Why do we sleep?† is a very popular questions that many humans ask today. Sleep is very sufficient to the human body. If it was not important, then God would not have designed for a third of our life to be occupied by sleep. During this time per iod, many people are interested to know what is a good amount of sleep and what are the harmful effects to not getting enough sleep. The question â€Å"why do we sleep?† is a very difficult question to answer. One way to think about why sleep is important isRead MoreThe Health Benefits Of Getting More Sleep857 Words   |  4 Pagesknew that we sleep 24 years in a lifetime? Well let me tell you that there is a lot of people that sleep less than 24 years. Today I will present to you some of the surprising health benefits of getting more sleep And how with more sleep you can succeed in business and life On the contrary I will also tell you why you shouldn’t get to much sleep. Then I will have some time for questions is you have any Then I will finally conclude my presentation So let’s get started. To begin with sleep givesRead MoreSleep Is A Periods Of Reduced Activity948 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: We spend about eight hours of the day asleep and spend almost one third of our time on earth asleep! So exactly what is sleep? Sleep is a period of reduced activity. During sleep the body changes internally and externally. It rejuvenates and restores the body, and it follows a predictable pattern consisting of infiltrating Non-REM and REM sleep. Review of Research: Sleep is usually a time where the body is at a lying down position with the eyes shut. The outcome of sleeping is whenRead MoreTaking a Look at Sleep Paralysis690 Words   |  3 Pagesor even move. This helpless â€Å"nightmare† can also be known as Sleep Paralysis. A condition which people experience a terrifying paralyzing feeling throughout their body in between the state of rest and awakening; often seeing troubled things. Since when I was young I would have some experiences with sleep paralysis. Due to the unusual experiences, I became interested to research the topic and took my time to read about it more. Sleep paralysis, occurs with the most normal sleeper, so it’s possibleRead MoreThe Theory, The Energy Conservation Theory1419 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: what is sleep: Sleeping is something that most creatures of the animal kingdom have in common. A period of time where the body seemingly ceases to function. The average human is supposed to sleep 7-8 hours a day, and although this varies from species to species, the core function stays the same.The dictionary definition of sleep is â€Å"the natural state of rest during which your eyes are closed and you become unconscious†.(Sleep, n.d.) Although it seems like nothing is happening whenRead MoreWhy School Should Start Later1531 Words   |  7 Pagesmakes me super tired. School starts way too early! Should students have to wake up at unreasonably early times just to get to school on time? No, they shouldn t and school should start later because it causes many risks and problems in students lives. There are many reasons that school should start later, but the main reason is because students don t get enough sleep and are tired which causes a lot of problems. Some of the results of sleep dep rivation are that it negatively impacts students

Cell Phone Advertisement Free Essays

Cell phones nowadays have become symbol of independence – for our youth that mobile phone helps them to develop their own language and social groups away from the prying eyes of their parents. It has become Status Symbol or what people say Fashion statement – It is a way that people wear their phone in a style, color, cost and features and feel that a phone can enhance their looks. Although mobile phones have long been a part of the business community, they are quietly becoming entrenched in personal lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phone Advertisement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cell phones play a crucial role in relationships among a group of young people, Mobile phones also influence the trend toward relaxing the traditional amount of contact permitted before marriage. Cell phone is also in the use of people who are working 24/7 environment and always remain on the go. It is privacy and not mobility that matters. Most youth have cell phone conversations in their bedroom. Lets have a look on few needs of new breed (Youth) that have been forcing them to get addicted to this cell phone night packages, the need to make their identity and to build â€Å"social and emotional ties†. The shrinking size of present day families explain why the youth today feel the need to communicate with virtual brothers and sisters. Youngsters have been using cell phones to form friendships and social groups away from their families, feeling that these phones give them privacy that they would not otherwise have. As cell phone use becomes even more widespread, communication between parents and their kids may become even more impersonal. The saying â€Å"romance is in the air† appears to be true. In today’s world, it is mobile phones which are carrying the messages of love. Youngsters are using mobile phones to maintain personal and romantic relationships. Grabbing our new generation, these free night packages services provided by our Cellular Companies have become a great pleasure/encouragement to people like who aren’t responsible at all, it seems they are announced to spoil the future of our youth, just give it a thought which kind a people avail these services and what they do? Whole night they spent in useless, ungraceful conversation it’s all beyond morals. The immature generation has become addicted to avail these kind a packages. These kind portable platform providers are taking away our youth from family/Cultural/Traditional/Religious values, they don’t even care about their health though they know how these RF radiation would be harmful as for as continuous use is concerned. The Cellular Companies should make some standards so they can provide such services which can be of use to make the youths future bright and should consider the social impact before announcing any such service, they should offer some M-Learning (Mobile Learning) services they are behind the race of announcing free night packages, low rates for one special number. No doubt most of the parents are equally responsible for this attitude in our new generation, in previous era what kind of environment we have had at homes —-sitting together in TV-Lounges , One time/place to sit and eat together no friends/outings in late night, but this fast life where people are to avail luxurious lifestyle parents themselves arrange separate rooms equipped with individual TV, personal Computer with high speed Internet connection and a latest model of any famous brand of Mobile handset though its of no use to them at around certain age , yup parents are equally responsible they should be responsible they should keep eye on their children’s activities, what kind a friends they are making how they are progressing academically how they are spending time. The youth is less responsible than their parents is what I think, they are availing what they have in their access and they have no one over them to restrict or make them understand what is good to go for and what is wrong to avail. The generation gap between parents and children’s is not the main issue because its more than the gap, its about basics of raising good children. True that bad habits or friendships existed before this direct and private source of communication too but its all starts right from your basic education that our youth is getting at Home. So the message goes to parents: make your kids to avail good morals and talk to them on every matter to give them better understandings of what is right and what is wrong. How to cite Cell Phone Advertisement, Papers

Charlotte Beers at Ogilvy Mather Worldwide free essay sample

Harvard Business School 9-495-031 Rev. October 12, 1999 Charlotte Beers at Ogilvy Mather Worldwide (A) It was December 1993, and during the past year and a half, Charlotte Beers had found little time for reflection. Since taking over as CEO and chairman of Ogilvy Mather Worldwide in 1992, Beers had focused all her efforts on charting a new course for the world’s sixth-largest advertising agency. The process of crafting a vision with her senior management team had been—by all accounts—painful, messy, and chaotic. Beers, however, was pleased with the results. Ogilvy Mather was now committed to becoming â€Å"the agency most valued by those who most value brands. † During the past year, the agency had regained, expanded, or won several major accounts. Confidence and energy appeared to be returning to a company the press had labeled â€Å"beleaguered† only two years earlier. Yet, Beers sensed that the change effort was still fragile. We will write a custom essay sample on Charlotte Beers at Ogilvy Mather Worldwide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Brand Stewardship,† the agency’s philosophy for building brands, was not well understood below the top tier of executives who had worked with Beers to develop the concept. In 1950, Ogilvy’s campaign for Hathaway featured a distinguished man with a black eye patch, an idea that increased sales by 160% 1David Ogilvy, Blood, Beer, and Advertising (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1977). Research Associate Nicole Sackley prepared this case under the supervision of Professor Herminia Ibarra as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  © 1995 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. hbsp. harvard. edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. 1 495-031 Charlotte Beers at Ogilvy Mather Worldwide (A) and ran for 25 years. Other famous campaigns included Maxwell House’s â€Å"Good to the Last Drop† launched in 1958 and American Express’s â€Å"Don’t Leave Home Without It,† which debuted in 1962. Gentlemen with Brains David Ogilvy imbued his agency’s culture with the same â€Å"first class† focus that he demanded of creative work. Employees were â€Å"gentlemen with brains,† treating clients, consumers, and one another with respect. â€Å"The consumer is not a moron,† admonished Ogilvy. In a distinctly British way, collegiality and politeness were highly valued: â€Å"We abhor ruthlessness.

Epic Hero Essays - Beowulf, Geats, Anglo-Saxon Paganism,

Epic Hero The epic poem Beowulf describes the most heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. The hero, Beowulf, is a seemingly invincible person with all the extraordinary traits required of a hero. He is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his people before himself. He encounters hideous monsters and the most ferocious of beasts but he never fears the threat of death. His leadership skills are superb and he is even able to boast about all his achievements. Beowulf is the ultimate epic hero who risks his life countless times for immortal glory and for the good of others. Beowulf is a hero in the eyes of his fellow men through his amazing physical strength. He fought in numerous battles and returned victorious from all but his last. In his argument with Unferth, Beowulf explains the reason he "lost" a simple swimming match with his youthful opponent Brecca. Not only had Beowulf been swimming for seven nights, he had also stopped to kill nine sea creatures in the depths of the ocean. Beowulf is also strong enough to kill the monster Grendel, who has been terrorizing the Danes for twelve years, with his bare hands by ripping off his arm. When Beowulf is fighting Grendel's mother, who is seeking revenge on her son's death, he is able to slay her by slashing the monster's neck with a Giant's sword that can only be lifted by a person as strong as Beowulf. When he chops off her head, he carries it from the ocean with ease, but it takes four men to lift and carry it back to Herot mead-hall. This strength is a key trait of Beowulf's heroism. Another heroic trait of Beowulf is his ability to put his peoples welfare before his own. Beowulf's uncle is king of the Geats so he is sent as an emissary to help rid the Danes of the evil Grendel. Beowulf risks his own life for the Danes, asking help from no one. He realizes the dangers but fears nothing for his own life. After Beowulf had served his people as King of the Geats for fifty years, he goes to battle one last time to fight a horrible dragon who is frightening all of his people. Beowulf is old and tired but he defeats the dragon in order to protect his people. Even in death he wished so secure safety for the Geats by appointing Wiglaf to be his follower. The most heroic of traits within Beowulf is that he is not afraid to die. He always explains his death wishes before going into battle and requests to have any assets delivered to his people. "And if death does take me, send the hammered mail of my armor to Higlac, return the inheritance I had from Hrethel, and from Wayland. Fate will unwind as it must!" (p.70) He is aware of the heroic paradox; he will be glorified in life or death for his actions. He knows that when he fights an enemy like Grendel or Grendel's mother he will achieve immortality as the victor or the loser. "When we crossed the sea, my comrades and I, I already knew that all my purpose was this: to win the good will of your people or die in battle, pressed in Grendel's fierce grip. Let me live in greatness and courage, or here in this hall welcome my death!" (p. 43) Even with the enormous amount of confidence Beowulf possesses, he understands that Fate will work its magic no matter what and he could be killed at any point in his life. He faces that reality by showing no fear and preparing for a positive or a fatal outcome. Beowulf is the prime example of an epic hero. His bravery and strength surpass all mortal men; loyalty and the ability to think of himself last makes him loved by all. Beowulf came openly and wholeheartedly to help the Danes which was an unusual occurrence in a time of war and wide-spread fear. He set a noble example for all human beings relaying the necessity of brotherhood and friendship. Beowulf is most definitely an epic hero of epic proportions.

Demographic Information Essays (281 words) - Syndromes, Free Essays

Demographic Information Essays (281 words) - Syndromes, Free Essays Demographic Information Setting Chronicle A look at life today with Down Syndrome. During her 19th week of pregnancy Mary found out her baby had Down syndrome. Lauren found out 12 hours after her baby had been born that she had Down syndrome. Showed Laurens daughter Lucy in her classroom and in her house at age 9. 46 year old John, an advocate at MDSC, also lives in his apartment alone. Melissa, an intern and political junky, is now taking college classes. Christopher May of Newton, member of the council. Students Observed Lucy, John, Christopher, Melissa Disabilities Observed Down syndrome Activities Observed This video is about people with Down syndrome advocating for other people with Down syndrome. From pregnancy to full adulthood, people with Down syndrome are living longer and are living full lives and are involved even in the work force. Reflection Professionals Role I believe the Professionals in this video are not only the parents and teachers of the students with Down syndrome but those with Down syndrome themselves. Being advocates for others with their disabilities and standing up and fighting for themselves for equality makes them not only professionals but heroes in my eyes. These are people you can really look up to and learn from. Insight Gained Insight gained from this video would be people with these disabilities are living longer and fuller lives and some even on their own. Research has shown that we can now detect babies with Down syndrome while they are still in the womb, giving the parents even more time to adjust and prepare for the future of their child. Advocates of people with Down syndrome are pushing for equality and they are pushing for rights for more independence and aid.

Online retailing business model company analysis Essay

Online retailing business model company analysis - Essay Example Lack of physical retail stores except their studios and warehouses enables them to devote their time and resources to the virtual operations. In this manner, they are able to maximize their revenue while cutting costs that involve setting up of retail shops. With the vision of inspiring and getting their inspiration from cool girls all over the world, Nasty Gal intends to provide their customers with truly unique items exclusive to their brand. Online retailing is a fast growing sector of the commerce world as a result of a fast growing consumer base. Increase in access to internet services has made it possible for most people to access the services of Nasty Gal. Customers can purchase clothes, shoes and accessories directly from the web page, which they receive through shipment to their location anywhere in the world from New York to Australia. Their â€Å"about us† page provides information about the history of its establishment as well as providing information about the founder and other team members behind its operations. It also provides information about their clothes, shoes and accessories, and gives instructions on how to search and make purchases (Nasty

How sports affects people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How sports affects people - Essay Example It also contributes to civilization throughout the globe. For instance, sporting activities have dominated the current society. Thus, the reason people are engaging in the process to benefit themselves. Amongst professional sportspeople, the sporting activities are sources of income, whereas to others it is a pastime activity. According to Woods (127) sport is the common type of leisure activity that cuts across generations. This piece intends to inform the audience on the effects of sports to the masses. Engaging in sports of either kind has had both positive and negative benefits to various individuals. The activity is being associated with a healthy lifestyle; thus, many people in the society are being encouraged to engage in sports. In this case, the sporting activity can be either an indoor or an outdoor activity. Athletics is the most common sporting activity in the globe (Woods 179). Sport is a form of leisure activity enjoyed by the majority in the globe. It is a hobby to many individuals in the society since it propagates the charm to life (Prettyman & Brian 8). Children have benefited a lot from engaging in sporting activities since it is associated with brain development among teenagers and teamwork mentality that begins in childhood through to adulthood. The rating of pastime social activities indicate that people engaging in sports rank higher. Interestingly, sport has become an addiction to some. People are willing to do anything to explore the excitement that comes with sports. Watching sporting activities such as football motivates people with enthusiasm. According Kenney, Jack, Wilmore, David & Jack (1), the excitement that emanates from sports is useful. People learn to develop their personal goals that guide them in their lives. Therefore, it is important to discuss the effects of sports on the society and devise the best strategies of promoting sporting the activities for the benefit of all. Additionally,

Invisible Contract

Invisible Contract The concept of the invisible contract can also be expressed as psychological contract which entails the unwritten employment relationship between the employer and the employee. It is an unspoken set of beliefs usually hidden or remains invisible, held by both parties which co-exist with the written contract of employment. The psychological contract is used to refer to the perceptions of what both employers and employees have regarding their business relationship based on what they are to give and receive from each other respectively. This concept can be traced back to Ancient Greek Philosophers as well as social contract theorists like John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. Kotter (1973) describes the psychological contract as an implicit contract with specifications of how both the individual and organisation are meant to behave in their employment relationship. The psychological contract is an abstract relationship between employers and employees driven by their perceptions of values. According to Cluterbuck (2005) value has three core meanings and they are value as respect, value as worth and value as beliefs. Value as respect refers to the perceptions of the employees towards the organisation with regards to how the employee feels about working with that particular organisation. If the employees feel that they are contributing positively to the organisation and if these efforts are being recognised by the organisation, the hidden orientation becomes successful. Value as worth on the other hand refers to how the employers and employees create added value for each other through reciprocal rewards. For example, the organisation providing Good pay and providing training and development opportunities for the employees while the employees in turn add value to share holders in order to raise capital. In this proposal various psychological aspects will be described in the context of organization and also its employees and also the appropriate methodology for this research will be discussed for the further completion of the investigation. 1.1 Research Question What is the role of the invisible contact or psychological contract between employers and employees in Starbucks coffee in City East District? 1.2 Key Aims This research seeks: To compare the Old and New Types of the Psychological contract To explore the opinions of a selection of Starbucks Coffees employees and their managers about their side of the psychological contract. To evaluate the assumptions both employers and employees have towards the concept of the psychological contract. To explore how psychological contracts can be enhanced to increase competitive advantage in supermarkets. To examine the changes in the psychological contract over the years, the reasons for the changes and the influence the new contract is having over both employees and the organisation. 1.3 Background of the Company: Starbucks Corporation is an international coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle, Washington, United States. Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world, with 16,120 stores in 49 countries, including around 11,000 in the United States, followed by nearly 1,000 in Canada and more than 800 in Japan. Starbucks sells drip brewed coffee, espresso-based hot drinks, other hot and cold drinks, snacks, and items such as mugs and coffee beans. Through the Starbucks Entertainment division and Hear Music brand, the company also markets books, music, and film. Many of the companys products are seasonal or specific to the locality of the store. Starbucks-brand ice cream and coffee are also offered at grocery stores. In May 1998, Starbucks successfully entered the European market through its acquisition of 65 Seattle Coffee Company stores in the UK.   The two companies shared a common culture, focussing on a great commitment to customised coffee, similar company values and a mutual respect for people and the environment. CHAPTER 2 2.0 Literature Review This chapter highlights the major arguments surrounding the concept of the psychological contract. The psychological contract is unwritten and therefore it is merely implied but could be explicit to some extent but not necessarily allow for agreement to the parties involvement. It can differ from individual to individual as well as from various organisations because individuals have various perceptions even with the same terms and conditions it still varies amongst individuals. The concept of the psychological contract can be traced back to Ancient Greek Philosophers and social contract theorists like John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. William Morris described Love of work as a Man at work creating something which he feels will exist because he is working at it and wills it and is therefore exercising the energies of his mind, soul and body (Morris 1870). 2.1 Definitions of the Psychological contract Agyris (1960) has been given credit for bringing to limelight the concept of psychological contract. He describes the psychological contract as a set of practical and emotional expectations of benefits that both employers and employees have of each other. Kotters (1973) defines the psychological contract as an implicit contract between an individual and his organisation which specifies what each is expected to give and receive from each other in the relationship. Morrison and Robinson (1997) on the other hand describe the psychological contract as an employment belief about the reciprocal obligations between that employee and his or her organisations where these obligations are based on perceived promises and are not necessarily recognised by agents of the organisation. According to Schein (1978) the psychological contract was described as a set of unwritten reciprocal expectations between the individual employee and the organisation. According to Goddard (1988), the way psychological contract is managed will determine how successful an organisation will become. The psychological contract entails what both parties to the contract (i.e. the employer and employee) expect from each other based on their employment beliefs and values. 2.2 Types of Psychological Contract Rousseau (1995) describes four types of psychological contract. The first type is the transactional which is short term and there is very little involvement of the parties, employees are more concerned with compensation and personal benefits rather than being good organisational citizens (Robinson et al 1994). The second type of psychological contract is the relational, which is a long term type focuses on more emotional factors like support and loyalty rather than on monetary issues like pay and compensation. The third type is the hybrid or balanced which aims at long term relationships between employers and employees as well as specifying performance requirements. The fourth type is the transitional contract which according to (Rousseau, 1995) does not offer any form of guarantee because of the ever changing nature of the organisations environment.    Short Term  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Long term Transactional (ex. retail clerks hired during Christmas shopping season) * Low ambiguity * Easy exit/high turnover * Low member commitment * Freedom to enter new contracts * Little learning * Weak integration/identification Balanced (ex. high involvement team) * High member commitment * High integration/identification * Ongoing development * Mutual support * Dynamic Transitional ex. employee experiences following merger or acquisitions) * Ambiguity/uncertainty * High turnover/Termination * Instability Relational (ex. family business members) * High member Commitment * High affective commitment * High integration/identification * Stability Table 1: Types of Psychological contract (Rousseau 1995 Pg 17) The psychological contract is an abstract relationship between employers and employees driven by their perceptions of values. According to Cluterbuck (2005) value has three core meanings and they are value as respect, value as worth and value as beliefs. Value as respect refers to the perceptions of the employees towards the organisation with regards to how the employee feels about working with that particular organisation. If the employees feel that they are contributing positively to the organisation and if these efforts are being recognised by the organisation, the hidden orientation becomes successful. Value as worth on the other hand refers to how the employers and employees create added value for each other through reciprocal rewards. For example, the organisation providing Good pay and providing training and development opportunities for the employees while the employees in turn add value to share holders in order to raise capital. There must also be a sense of equilibrium her e so the parties involved feel a sense of fairness. There are two main types of psychological contract and they are the Transactional and Relational Psychological contracts. The transactional focuses on short term and specific monitory agreements with little involvement of the parties where employees are more interested in good benefits and compensations. The relational psychological contract on the other hand is a long-term contract that focuses on support and loyalty rather than on monitory issues, it is a more emotional contract. Rousseau (1990) categorisation of obligations as relational or transactional is shown below (Table 2) Employer  Ã‚   Obligations: Transactional Employer Obligations: Relational Employee Obligations: Transactional Employee   Obligations: Relational Advancement Training Notice Overtime High Pay Job security Transfers Loyalty Merit Pay Development No competitor support Extra role behaviour Support Minimum Stay Source:   Rousseau (1990) Table 2: Categorisation of employer and employee obligations as Transactional or Relational 2.3 Changes to the Psychological contract The concept of the psychological contract has led Academics to carry out a vast and in-depth research on the subject matter. The concept of the psychological contract has changed over the years and this chapter will describe its changes. Holbeche (1998) noted that the old psychological contract existed before the 1980s where employment was guaranteed as long as employees continued to perform their best at work. The change occurred from the 1980s to the present as a result of emergent challenges to corporate strategies which were being influenced by economic turbulence. There was an urgent need by organisations to adopt change to deal with economic downturns and as a result of this most organisations began the process of downsizing and began to focus more on their core business and outsource other peripheral activities. These business strategies were required for organisational development and they challenged the old psychological contract that was based on Job security and moved focu s to a new contract that is based on employability. According to Hiltrop (1995), the psychological contract that gave job security and job stability to the relationship of both employees and employers has dramatically altered in the past two decades. He further stresses the change in nature of loyalty and commitment with the emphasis changing from long term careers to current performance. Rousseau (1995) acknowledges these changes by stating that contracts were previously transactional in nature but with the emergence of the bureaucratic era they developed to become relational. The old psychological contract was based on a reciprocal obligation of both employer and employee where employees provided loyalty to employers and employers gave Job security. Various factors led to the change in the psychological contract and they include amongst others the recession in the early 1990s as well as the effects of globalisation. This resulted in a change from the old psychological contract to a new contract. Individual offered: Organisation expected: Loyalty Loyalty In-depth knowledge of organisation Staff with a deep understanding of how the business functioned Acceptance of bureaucratic systems that defined the individuals rate of progress Willingness to build a career slowly through a defined system Willingness to go beyond the call of duty when required Individuals who would put the organisations needs before any outside interests Individual expected: Organisation offered: Job security Job security Regular pay increases Regular pay increases based on length of service Recognition for length of service Status and rewards based on length of service Recognition of experience Respect for experience Table 3: Adapted from Pembertons model of the psychological contract (1998) Table 3 represented above describes the characteristics of the old psychological contract where the organisation provided job security and rewards based on length of service and the employees provided loyalty and commitment on their part. Sparrows (1996) interpretation of this new contract is outlined in table 4 below: Change vs Stability Continuous Change Culture Performance based reward Development Employees for self-development and increasing their employability. Emphasis on development of competencies and technical skills Rewards Paid on contribution Promotion Criterion Performance Promotion Prospects Fewer chances of promotion due to essentially flat organisational structures focus on sideways moves to develop a broader range of skills Relationship Type Transactional rather than relational; no job security guarantees Responsibility Accountability and innovation encouraged Status Fewer outward symbols Trust No longer seen as essential. Emphasis on engendering commitment to current project or team. Table 4: Adapted Sparrows new psychological contract (1996) These changes occurred against a background of economic hardship; redundancies were widespread, unemployment increasing and government focused on reducing trade union powers. The outcome was a more vulnerable and wary workforce. The economic climate forced companies to examine cost reduction as a means of sustaining or increasing profits. Human resource policies were cost effective rather than paternalistic. Staff were increasingly seen as resources who were useful for a specific role and either adaptable or replaceable when that role ended. The new contract is based on the offer of the employer to provide fair pay for the employee as well as providing opportunities for training and development. As a result of this, the employer can no longer offer Job security and as such has weakened the amount of commitment employees have to offer. Atkinson (2002) suggests that the new contract focuses on the need for highly skilled flexible employees who have little or no job security but are highly marketable outside the organisation. Bagshaw (1997) states that, in this new Psychological contract, individuals need to commit to five key areas which have both short term and long term views. They are Continuous learning, Team working, Goal setting, Proactive change management and Personal advocacy and networking (Bagshaw 1997 pg 188). He further argues that if these key areas are focused on, the employees will be raising their values of future employability. Furthermore, the common dialogue between the two parties with similar interests in mind will establish commitment and loyalty. The reasons for such changes were described by Herriot and Pemberton (1997) as the Restructuring and continuous change of organisations led to increased feelings of inequity and insecurity and as a result, motivation was affected negatively. Hall and Moss (1998) demonstrate the shifting of the psychological contract using three stages of adaptation. The first stage, they described as the trauma of change state and they argued that a lot of organisations go through this stage. The second stage they described as adapting to the new contract where they estimated a 7-year period may be needed in order to fully adapt to the new contract stressing its not a linear process and as such it is possible to fall back to previous states. The third stage is described by Atkinson (2002) as the point of gradual change and continuous learning, valuing the employee and offering loyalty to employees based on performance and development. This stage seeks to avoid the trauma of the changing contract by offering fundamental respect for the individuals involved. Hall and Moss (1998) argue that changes to the psychological contract are possible without going through the first and second stages if handled appropriately. Atkinson (2002) further develops two concepts that emerge from long term management of the contract. The first is that organisations that are successful will provide opportunities and resources to enable individuals to develop their own careers through a relational approach. The second is that organisations will need to be more effective in renegotiating contracts and minimising risks of violating contracts (Rajan, 1997). This is because violating contracts will have negative impacts on employee attitudes and motivation. 2.4 Employer and Employee Perceptions Shore and Barksdale (1998) describe a productive employment relationship as one in which a degree of balance in perceived employee-employer obligations exist. This degree of balance suggests a mutual supporting relationship in which employees offer their skills and organisational commitment in return for rewards from the organisation. Winter and Jackson(2006) argue the need to consider both employer and employee perspectives, they suggested that it will enable investigation into the perceptions of mutuality of both parties and through this process, evaluate how well the employer has fulfilled his obligations to the employees and vice versa. Rousseau (1995) states that psychological contracts are formulated in the minds of the individuals and as a result reflect individual beliefs shaped by the organisation in regards to exchange terms between the employee and the organisation (Winter and Jackson 2006). Rousseau (1995) stresses the need for a link between the employees promises and obligations towards the organisation and that of the employer towards the employee. This is because of the differences in perceptions of both employers and employees of what constitutes the conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement (Winter and Jackson 2006). Figure 1 Contracting Transitions (Herriot et al 1998 pg 102) Figure 1. Above describes the employment relationship of both employer and employee with transitions employees are likely willing to make and what they are able to offer in return. Herriot (1998) describe the process of contracting and negotiating between the employer and employee with a need for organisations to discover individual or group wants and match them with their own wants and offers through negotiation. Holbeche (1998) describes what employers perceptions of employees obligations are, as: Employees will take responsibility for managing their own careers Be loyal and committed Be dispensable when they are surplus to requirements Be adaptable and willing to learn new skills and work processes Holbeche (1998) further suggests the main components of employee expectations as: To be more employable in exchange for job security For organisation to support career development in return for loyalty For high skills and expertise to be recognised and duel rewarded According to Armstrong and Stephens (2005), a positive psychological contract is strongly linked to higher employee satisfaction, better employment relations and higher commitment to the organisation. They further suggest how performance management processes can help clarify the psychological contract and make it more positive through: Defining the level of support to be exercised by managers. Providing non-monetary rewards that reinforce the messages about expectation. Providing a basis for the joint agreement and definition of roles. Providing financial rewards through schemes that deliver messages about what the organisation believes to be important. Shields (2007), states, trust has been discovered to be a critical factor in employee behaviour and outlook. He further argues that when the level of trust between employers and employees fall, employee commitments and satisfaction deteriorate as well as motivation and effort. Guest and Conway (1997) outlined the following set of practices as having the most positive influence on employee work attitudes and behaviour and they are: Job security Training Opportunities High Pay Open communications Employee involvement programs According to Turnley et al (2003), psychological contract breach results in a number of negative results which include, lower levels of employee commitment, increased cynicism, reduced trust, reduced job satisfaction and high turnover. 2.5 Employee Motivation and the Psychological Contract Employee Psychological contracts are defined by Flannery (2002) as the important additional component to an employees job description which makes the job worth doing and reflects the main source of employees motivation. These contracts are part of what motivates employees to be productive at work and enables them to give their all at work. Shore and Barksdale (1998) discovered that employees reported higher levels of commitment, lower levels of turnover and higher organizational support when their employment relationships with their organisations were fulfilled. Rousseau (2004) suggests three ways in which employees design their own psychological contract. First, through their career aspirations, employees make different commitments to the organisation based on whether they view it as a long term employment possibility or a short term one which they need to move on to attain better opportunities. Employees with a stepping stone perspective tend to adopt transactional contracts while employees with long term employment possibilities tend to be more relational in contract nature. The second determinant is the personality of the individual, employees that are highly neurotic will tend to adapt more transactional contracts because they tend to reject actions by organisations to build relationships while conscientious workers on the other hand who possess great value for duty are more likely to have relational contracts. Thirdly, Rousseau states that employees who have negotiated special arrangements that are not usually available to others usually believe they relational contracts. This is because they have negotiated for opportunities for training and development which are special arrangements and a feature of relational contracts. A survey conducted by Guest and Conway (1997) on The Motivation and effort of employees discovered that the more motivated employees had a more positive psychological contract which presupposes that employees who are satisfied with their jobs and committed to their organisations report higher levels of general motivation so also do those with a positive psychological contract (Guest and Conway 1997). It was also discovered that attitudes have the highest influence on reported levels of motivation. Osteraker (1999) suggests there is a link between values and needs stating that individual needs, influence motivation and those needs determine how individuals will behave. Osteraker (1999) further stresses that values and attitudes can change over time due to a change in the organisation such as downsizing and restructuring.   2.6 Culture Hofstede (1984) suggests that different cultures imply different mental programming that controls activities, values and motivations. Therefore, organisational commitment is a psychological state that characterises the employees relationship with the organisation (Kong 2007). Culture is described as consisting of a system of values, attitudes, belief and behavioural meanings shared by members of a society (Thomas et al 2003). According to King and Bu (2005) employees of different cultural traditions and socio-economic environments are more likely to have very different perceptions on employer-employee relations. The type of psychological contract that individual employees will form with their employers is influenced by the personality traits, societal values and cultural norms of that particular individual (Raja et al 2004). This further implies that individual personality traits and cultural norms could provide a system that will explain why employees facing similar work environment and work conditions may form very different employment relationships with their employers (Zhao and Chen 2008).   These norms, values and beliefs provide a framework that will determine the way individuals behave and act accordingly. Individualism is defined by Gould and Kolb (1964) as an emphasis on ones self as separate from the others and an end in itself. The individual is independent and self reliant believes in self development and competition. In collectivism, the self often overlaps with a group. The main focus is on cooperation with a group, interdependence, social norms with the group comprising of t he main unit of social perception with individuals viewed as embedded in a universe of relationships (Lebra 1984). According to Thomas et al (2003)   individualism refers to the tendency to be more concerned about consequences of behaviours of ones personal goals through viewing oneself as independent of others while collectivism on the other hand refers to view oneself as interdependent with selected others with consequences of behaviour for the group as a whole and group interest. Research carried out by Zhao and Chen (2008) discovered, that individuals with an individualistic cultural value tended to form more transactional psychological contracts while people with a collectivism cultural value formed more relational contracts. It was discovered that collectivism motives tend to avoid differentiation and focus on relational contracts while self motives were more transactional in nature. This goes in line with research conducted by Lee (2000) where it was discovered that relational contracts are more likely related to behaviour in work groups in Hong Kong than in the United States. 2.6.1 Culture, Personalities and the Psychological Contract Rousseau (1995) outlines the two most important influences of employees psychological contract and they are both the organisational influences and employees personal dispositions. According to Tallman and Bruning (2008), the way employees interpret information from their employers, their observations of actions and activities in the workplace, together with their personal dispositions are theorised to create idiosyncratic contract attitudes in the minds of employees. Additionally, if management understand the factors that influence the development of employee psychological contracts, they may be able to manage these contracts more effectively (Tallman and Bruning 2008). Research carried out by Raja (2004) established a link that connected several facets of employee personality to their psychological contracts. Their research examined personality traits, including extraversion, conscientiousness and neuroticism and the extent to which these personality constructs related to employees choice of a transactional and relational psychological contracts. People high in neuroticism have poor job attitudes and they are unlikely to give of themselves other than what is necessary to maintain their jobs (Tallman and Bruning 2008). Kichuk and Wiesner (1997) further argue that people high in neuroticism are fearful, angry and functions as poor team performers with poor attitudes towards change. N

Kite Runner Essay Essay

Khaled Hosseini’s kite runner has many themes that are significant. This book also has themes that are hidden to the reader, to find these themes the reader needs to think about the events that occur in the book. In this book redemption, discrimination, and violence play a big role in the events in this book. Redemption is one of the most important themes in the kite runner. Throughout the story, Amir is trying to redeem himself because of many events that he was a part of. In the begging of the story Rahim Khan calls Amir and tells him â€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Page 2) Putting this in the first chapter of the story tells the reader many things about Amir, it could tell us that Amir has done many things that he regrets, or he has done things that caused pain to someone else. Amir’s mother dies when she is giving birth to him, throughout the story Amir tries many different things to redeem himself to his father. When Amir wins the kite competition he thinks that he would finally redeem himself for his mothers death. Amir thinks that he redeems himself because â€Å"A smile played down on my father’s lips. He opened his arms† (Page 79) When someone does this someone will automatically think that you redeemed yourself to that person. Another event that Amir does that he redeems himself for later is when he blackmails Hassan. Amir’s father gives him a watch and Amir decides to put it under Hassan’s pillow. Later when Amir’s father finds out that he took his watch he forgives him, but Ali (Hassan’s father) says that they make the decision to leave. To the near end of the book, when Amir goes back to Afghanistan, he receives a letter from Hassan. The letter tells him that he (Hassan) died, and that he has a son that it taken by the Taliban. Amir tells Farid (The person who takes Amir around in Afghanistan) about Sohrab, and he tells him â€Å"You have a visa to go to America, to life with me and my wife. It’s true. I promise† (Page 355) When Amir found out that he lost his best friend he went through a lot of trouble to get Sohrab. Amir could have avoided this if he did not frame Hassan. If Amir did not frame Hassan, Hassan and Ali could have fled the country with Amir and his father. This event has a big impact on the events in the story. Without these examples of redemption, it is hard to picture the book ending in the way that it did. Along with many other themes, discrimination is one of the less discussed themes in this book. In my opinion I think that discrimination should be a theme that should be as important as any other theme. Discrimination plays a big role in the kite runner because of the structure of the social classes. In the begging of the story we know that Hassan is Amir’s Hazara but later we know that he is Amir’s brother. When Amir won the kite competition Hassan went to get the winning the kite. Hours had passed and Hassan did not show up. Amir goes looking for him and he asks Omar (only involved in one paragraph) if he saw Hassan, Omar answers him by saying â€Å"Your Hazara?† (Page 68) without saying more than two sentences, we can see that people in the class with Hassan are treated with no respect and they are called Hazaras. Another event that happens when Hassan finally finds the kite that allowed Amir to win the competition he is surrounded by Assef and his gang. Assef is one of the biggest discriminators towards Hazaras as he is intimidating Hassan, he says, â€Å"A loyal Hazara, Loyal as a dog† (Page 72) When Hassan said this he could of compared Hassan to something else, but he picked a dog to show the most disrespect towards Hassan. In my own opinion I think that discrimination towards Hazaras in Kabul is horrible because they are treated as if they are a different race of people. Hazaras have the exact physical features as any average human being but they are treated like they are slaves. This is how discrimination, which is one of the themes that is not talked about a lot, is significant in this book. Violence is also one of the themes that are not discussed as much, violence should be because it is important and it is hidden. There are many examples that show violence in the book. One of the examples that show violence is when Hassan gets raped when Assef and his gang surround him. The author does not tell the reader that Hassan got raped but instead he makes Wali, one of the members of Assef’s gang, tell Assef â€Å"My father says it’s sinful† (Page 75) This is a indirect message to inform the reader that Hassan gets raped. This is one great example that violence plays a big role in the process of this book. Assef could of threated Hassan instead of raping him. In my opinion I think that he could not have done something that wasn’t related to violence. Assef wanted to have his revenge on Hassan but it was hard to do something that has nothing to do with violence. Later on in the book, when Amir and Hassan do not talk to each other after Hassan got raped for him over a kite. Hassan asked if he could go under the pomegranate tree and let Amir read a story for him. When Amir and Hassan were under the pomegranate tree, Hassan asked Amir what he was doing wrong so he could stop, Amir told him that Hassan should stand up for himself. Hassan did not answer and Amir started to throw pomegranates on Hassan, Amir then told him â€Å"Hit me back! Hit me back goddamn you† (Page 92) this is another great example that shows the violence that is included in the book. Hassan is the most loyal person in the book and Amir does not appreciate it; instead Amir wants Hassan to hit him with a pomegranate. When Hassan stands up, he then smears a pomegranate on his face and walks away. This is how violence plays a theme in the book. It is not as visible as the other themes in the book but it is as significant as the other themes. Redemption, discrimination, and violence are themes in Khaled Hosseini’s kite runner that play a big role in the book. Without these three themes it is hard to picture if the book would end up the way that it actually ended up being. Quotes and Information taken from â€Å"Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini

The Throw-Away Society

The throw-away society From lumpish walkman to handy ipod, from family traditional wedding dress to one-time use paper gown, our society witnesses the globally social revolution of throwing away. Quantity replaces quality and hence becomes the buzzword of the new world. But looking forward and in retrospect, do we really should flood in the throw-away fashion upon which our attitude towards man-made things has altered so much? And what on earth do we throw away? When we throw away the no-more-need things and replenish our refrigerators and wardrobes, we throw away resources. No matter they are patches of fabric to make a new scarf or tons of steel to produce new cars, all of them come from the valuable resources of which the stock depletes severely day by day. News and reports broadcast how scarce our natural resources are becoming, but people still throw away. Few of them have realized that the process of throwing away is the exact procedure to turn resources towards garbages. Furthermore, it is also sometimes too obscure to be noticed that throwing away products also incurs throwing away good memories. A doll you had when you were a little girl would always prompt you the innocent and sweet childhood; an umbrella you used for 4 years in the campus would always remind you of the fresh and brisk university life. When all these similar reminders become less and less, that particular period of life would be more likely to be locked somewhere in your mind, not so easy to be touched again any more. Admittedly, the throw-away society gives us so many choices among which we are prone to be less picky but also more emotionless. We seldom keep a dress for 10 years like our mothers do since all the new styles have emerged and we have so many chances to choose a more delicate one. When we discard the old one, we don’t feel a tiny bit mercy; when we welcome the new one, we don’t sense the joy that much either. It’s believed today that the whole world, material or non-material, is formulated this way, easy and convenient; thus we tend to be less reminiscent of the unforgettable birthday party while we were attired with that particular dress. The dress is still the original one, but the connotation of the dress has changed through your life, for it has been a witness to your growth, your maturity, tear and laughter, ups and downs. The longer you keep it, the more it becomes part of yourself. So many people nowadays complain that they are lost somewhere in their life and they feel onfused and puzzled to forge ahead. It’s a paradox that people want to sustain a whole self but still discard part of himself. Living in the throw-away society, what people eventually throw away is the real self, subconsciously and accidentally. It’s a trend that we will continue throwing away, as it seems to be destined. But during this inexorable process, more reflections are bound to elaborat e and expand on it since we all despise to see a world with complete trash but desperate ourselves.

Credit Card Debt in America - 1682 Words

Inga Gudmundsson 15 October 2008 English 100 Analytical Essay Debt Credit card debt is one of this nation’s leading internal problems, and it has been for around the last 3-4 decades. When credit was first introduced, and up until around the late 1970’s up to today, the standards for getting a credit card were very high; so not everybody could get one. The bar got lowered and lowered to where, eventually, an 18 year-old college student with almost no income and nothing to base a credit score on previously could obtain a credit card (much like myself). The national credit card debt for families residing in the United States alone is in the trillions (Maxed Out). The average American family has around $9,000 in debt, and pays†¦show more content†¦These rates do not just do this on their own. They are caused by a factor called â€Å"universal default.† (Jaffe) The universal default, written in all of the small print that comes with every newly issued credit card, states that if one is more than 30 days late on a cre dit card payment, the rate of interest on these debts will increase dramatically (Jaffe). Ironically, the â€Å"universal default† is not â€Å"universally known and understood.† This all really started in 1978, when the Supreme Court decided to leave the interest rates up to State Government (McGeehan). This caused many banks to move their credit card operation stations to states that had removed caps on interest rates, such as South Dakota and Delaware (McGeehan). What has been happening lately, which is not quite yet illegal, is that credit card companies will apply this universal default rule to not only the 30-day late payment period, but will apply it to missing mortgage payments, utility or car payments, carrying too much debt in the first place, using over half of your credit limit for most of your credit cards, and many more things (Jaffe). This is causing people left and right to double their debt with interest rates. For every $1 in principle spent by the average American, they are paying around $2-3 dollars in interest (Maxed Out). However, the aggressive tactics used by these lenders (in raising interest rates and charging unnecessary fees) haveShow MoreRelated Credit Card Debt In America Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pages Credit card debt is one of this nation’s leading internal problems. When credit was first introduced, and up until around the late 1970’s, the standards for getting a credit card were very high. 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Subsequently, Draut also presents her opinion on credit card debt in the excerpt, â€Å"Strapped.† She discusses how credit card debt can negatively affect the lives of many young adults, which may lead to